Background of study: Steamed sponge cake is a type of cake that uses eggs as the primary raw material for foam formation, emulsification, and coagulation. Soybean flour, a plant-based protein source, has the potential to replace the functional roles of eggs in steamed sponge preparation. The addition of an emulsifier is also required to maintain the final product quality.
Aims and scope of paper: This study aimed to analyze the effects of soy milk substitution, lecithin addition, and their interaction on the physical, chemical, and organoleptic characteristics of steamed sponge cake.
Methods: The experiment was conducted using a factorial Completely Randomized Design with two factors: the egg-to-soy milk ratio (100:0, 75:25, and 50:50) and the level of soy lecithin addition (2% and 4%). Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA at a 5% significance level, followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) to determine significant differences among treatments.
Result: Soy milk significantly affected moisture content, volume, hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, chewiness, gumminess, resilience, protein content, and fat content. Lecithin addition significantly affected moisture content, volume, specific volume, hardness, springiness, chewiness, gumminess, resilience, and protein content. The interaction between soy milk substitution and lecithin addition significantly influenced specific volume, hardness, springiness, gumminess, and resilience.
Conclusion: Soy milk substitution and lecithin addition, individually and in combination, significantly influenced multiple physical and chemical properties of steamed sponge cake. These findings demonstrate the potential for partial replacement of eggs with soy milk, combined with soy lecithin, to produce high-quality steamed sponge cake with possible cost benefits.

Background of study: Bio-batteries represent an attractive energy solution utilizing organic substances to generate electrical energy. Organic waste materials, such as fruit peels, contain electrolytic compounds harnessed for bioelectricity generation. Cassava and papaya peels, rich in natural acids and carbohydrates, offer potential as low-cost, eco-friendly materials for bio-battery development.
Aims and scope of paper: This study investigates the electrical performance and endurance of biobatteries made from cassava peel and papaya peel subjected to varying fermentation durations (0, 2, and 4 days).
Methods: The study employed an experimental comparative approach using 1.5 V battery casings filled with fermented cassava and papaya peel pastes. Electrical parameters (voltage, current, and power) were measured using a digital multimeter. Additionally, endurance was tested by using the biobatteries to power a 1.2 W LED until discharge.
Result: Cassava peel-based biobatteries showed higher electrical output than those based on papaya peel, especially after 4 days of fermentation. The cassava battery reached a peak voltage of 1.6 V and power of 0.107 mW, while papaya reached 1.57 V and 0.105 mW. Cassava peel biobatteries also demonstrated longer endurance, operating up to 27 hours compared to 21 hours for papaya.
Conclusion: Fermentation enhances the electrical properties of fruit peel biobatteries, with 4 days as the optimal duration. Cassava peel is more effective than papaya peel due to its higher content of fermentable substrates and organic acids. This study supports the feasibility of using fermented fruit waste as sustainable bio-battery material and suggests further optimization for practical applications.

Background of study: Biobatteries are an innovative form of renewable energy technology that utilize organic materials to produce electricity through electrochemical reactions. Organic waste such as banana and pineapple peels contains natural electrolytes, making them potential sustainable and eco-friendly energy sources.
Aims and scope of paper: This study aims to evaluate the performance of simple biobatteries using banana and pineapple peels as electrolyte materials. The research focuses on measuring voltage and current generation over seven days and assessing the stability and durability of each type of organic waste.
Methods: Biobatteries were assembled using zinc (Zn) electrodes as the anode and carbon rods as the cathode. The peels were ground into a paste and used as the electrolyte. Daily measurements of voltage and current were taken for seven consecutive days to analyze performance trends.
Result: Test results showed that both types of biobatteries were capable of producing sufficient voltage and current to power simple electronic devices such as small LEDs, wall clocks, and basic household appliances. However, biobattery performance decreased over time due to water evaporation, degradation of active compounds, and environmental influences such as temperature and humidity. Overall, banana peels performed more consistently than pineapple peels.
Conclusion: This research demonstrates that organic waste can serve as a viable material for renewable energy generation. Biobatteries made from fruit peels not only help reduce waste but also have potential for educational use and community energy initiatives.

Background of study: Tropical karst landscapes harbor exceptional avian biodiversity but pose unique monitoring challenges due to complex topography, cave reverberation, and humidity-driven sound distortion. Conventional ecoacoustic methods fail in these environments, with indices showing weak correlations (r=0.20-0.43) for avian diversity due to insect masking and abiotic interference. Over 83% of karst-endemic birds lack standardized monitoring protocols despite escalating extinction risks.
Aims and scope of paper: This review aims to: (1) quantify limitations of current ecoacoustic methods in karst ecosystems, (2) develop a machine learning-enhanced framework addressing topographic and reverberation effects, and (3) establish conservation-ready protocols for endangered karst avifauna. The study synthesizes evidence from 29 studies across hardware innovation, signal processing, and policy applications.
Methods: We systematically analyzed 29 studies on acoustic monitoring in karst ecosystems, focusing on machine learning innovations, topographic adaptations, and conservation applications.
Result: Topography drives 47% of soundscape variation, surpassing vegetation effects. Machine learning (CNNs/MFCCs) boosts detection accuracy by 22-80% in reverberant caves. Hybrid protocols enable 25-m resolution habitat mapping and precise disturbance monitoring, overcoming tropical "latitude paradox" limitations.
Conclusion: This review establishes the first karst-adapted ecoacoustic framework, integrating machine learning with topographic variables to transform monitoring from biodiversity proxy to precision tool. Critical next steps include developing species-specific call libraries, wind-reverberation filters, and policy integration of acoustic baselines for IUCN assessments. The proposed protocols address urgent conservation needs for Earth's most threatened avian sanctuaries.

Background of Study: The growing global demand for high-quality livestock forage is increasingly constrained by land scarcity and climate variability. Marginal lands such as saline soils, degraded peatlands, and arid regions remain underutilized, yet hold promise for sustainable forage production without competing with prime agricultural land.
Aims and Scope of Paper: this review aims to evaluate the potential of Echinochloa colona, a fast-growing and stress-tolerant wild grass, as a sustainable forage crop for cultivation on marginal lands, focusing on its agronomic performance, nutritional value, and contributions to livestock feed system sustainability.
Methods: a narrative literature review was conducted using Scopus and Google Scholar, focusing on peer-reviewed articles published between 2004 and 2025, with 59 articles selected through a systematic screening process.
Results: the findings show that E. colona thrives under adverse conditions, produces high biomass, and offers notable protein content, dietary fiber, and essential micronutrients that support livestock productivity. Agronomic enhancements such as minimum tillage, drip irrigation, biofertilizer use, and polyculture with legumes significantly improve its yield and quality. However, issues such as herbicide resistance, inadequate seed systems, limited farmer awareness, and lack of policy and market support remain barriers to adoption.
Conclusion: integrating E. colona into marginal land-based livestock systems presents an opportunity to enhance feed security, combat land degradation, and foster climate-resilient agriculture through adaptive management, technological innovation, and supportive institutional frameworks.