Application of the Semi-Batch Method in Biodiesel Processing Using Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) with Variations in Feed Addition and Temperature
Article Sidebar
Abstract:
Background: Biodiesel production efficiency is strongly influenced by reaction method, temperature, and reactant feeding strategy. Semi-batch transesterification offers better molar ratio control and reduced methanol waste compared to conventional batch systems.
Aims: This study analyzes the effect of feed addition frequency and reaction temperature on biodiesel efficiency and characteristics using Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) as raw material.
Methods: A Complete Block Design with two factors was applied: feed addition frequency (4×, 5×, 6× per period) and reaction temperature (40°C, 50°C, 60°C) with two replications. Biodiesel was produced using semi-batch transesterification with sodium methylate catalyst. Parameters measured included yield, density, pH, water content, glyceride profile, and methyl ester content. Data were analyzed using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (5%).
Result: The best treatment was 5× feed addition, 50°C, producing the highest methyl ester content (67.18%), yield (92.98%), density (877 kg/m³), pH 6.78, and low water content (1,401 ppm). Most quality parameters approached SNI 7182:2015 biodiesel standards.
Conclusion: Semi-batch operation improves conversion control but is not yet fully optimal due to reverse reactions. Further optimization of methanol ratio and reaction time is required to suppress monoglyceride and diglyceride reformation.
Keywords: biodiesel, RBDPO, Semi-batch process, Feed variation, Temperature
Downloads
Copyright (c) 2025 Indra Muhammad Faizin, Mohammad Prasanto Bimantio, Reni Astuti Widyowanti
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Al-Saadi, A., Mathan, B., & He, Y. (2020). Biodiesel production via simultaneous transesterification and esterification reactions over SrO–ZnO/Al2O3 as a bifunctional catalyst using high acidic waste cooking oil. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 162, 238–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2020.08.018
Anil, N., Rao, P. K., Sarkar, A., Kubavat, J., Vadivel, S., Manwar, N. R., & Paul, B. (2024). Advancements in sustainable biodiesel production: A comprehensive review of bio-waste derived catalysts. Energy Conversion and Management, 318(15), 118884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118884
Bethan, M. S., & Supriyo, E. (2021). Transesterifikasi Minyak Kelapa Menjadi Biodiesel Dengan Katalis CaO Dan Penerapan Biodiesel (B40) Pada Alat Fogging. Gema Teknologi, 21(2), 81–85. https://doi.org/10.14710/gt.v21i2.37297
Biji, D., Kepyar, J., & Communis, R. (2025). Penentuan Waktu Transesterifikasi Optimum Biodiesel. JURNAL KIMIA (JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY), 19(2), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.24843/JCHEM.2025.v19.i02.p13
Bimantio, M. P., Oktavianty, H., & Widyasaputra, R. (2020). Perancangan Desain Portable Fixed-Bed Composite Adsorber Column Sebagai Media Pemurnian Biodiesel Dengan Sistem Packing Bed. TEKNIK, 41(3), 253–260. https://doi.org/10.14710/teknik.v41i3.32661
Ceran, Z. D., Demir, V., & Akgün, M. (2025). Optimization and kinetic study of biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil in supercritical methanol environment using ZnO/γ-Al2O3 catalyst. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 15(3), 3903–3914. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05307-9
Farouk, S. M., Tayeb, A. M., Abdel-Hamid, S. M. S., & Osman, R. M. (2024). Recent advances in transesterification for sustainable biodiesel production, challenges, and prospects: a comprehensive review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(9), 12722–12747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32027-4
Habib, A. A. Y., & Suhendri, S. (2024). Pengaruh Waktu Reaksi Transesterifikasi Biodiesel Dari Minyak Lemak Ayam Dengan Menggunakan Katalis MgO. Journal Of Bioprocess, Chemical And Environmental Engineering Science, 5(2), 69–76. https://doi.org/10.31258/jbchees.5.2.69-76
Kurniasih, E., Rahmi, R., Supardan, M. D., & Darusman, D. (2024). Pemurnian Gliserol Dari Limbah Produksi Biodiesel Dan Pemanfaatannya Sebagai Substrat Pada Sintesis Mono-Digliserida. Prosiding SENASTITAN: Seminar Nasional Teknologi Industri Berkelanjutan.
Lestari, L. P., Meriatna, M., Suryati, S., & Jalaluddin, J. (2021). Pengaruh Suhu Dan Waktu Reaksi Transesterifikasi Minyak Jarak Kepyar (Castor Oil) Terhadap Metil Ester Dengan Menggunakan Katalis Abu Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit. Chemical Engineering Journal Storage (CEJS), 1(2), 64–80. https://doi.org/10.29103/cejs.v1i2.5478
Melani, H., Agustine, D., & Maftukhah, S. (2024). Pengaruh Suhu Dalam Katalis Reaksi Transesterifikasi Biodiesel Dari Minyak Jelantah Menggunakan Katalis CaO Cangkang Keong Mas (Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck). UNISTEK, 11(1), 40–46. https://doi.org/10.33592/unistek.v11i1.3764
Mukminin, A., Megawati, E., Warsa, I. K., Yuniarti, Y., Umaro, W. A., & Islamiati, D. (2022). Analisis Kandungan Biodiesel Hasil Reaksi Transesterifikasi Minyak Jelantah Berdasarkan Perbedaan Konsentrasi Katalis NaOH Menggunakan GC-MS. Sang Pencerah: Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Muhammadiyah Buton, 8(1), 146–158. https://doi.org/10.35326/pencerah.v8i1.1897
Novita, L., Safni, Emriadi, De Freitas, F. A., Fauzia, S., & Zein, R. (2024). Enhanced Conversion Of Used Palm Cooking Oil To Biodiesel By A Green And Recyclable Palm Kernel Shell Ash-Derived Catalyst: Process Optimization By Response Surface Methodology. Case Studies In Chemical And Environmental Engineering, 9, 100678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2024.100678
Putri, S. D. E., Cahyo, A. N., Dian, S. E., Rukmana, M. D., & Asni, N. (2024). Optimasi Temperatur Pengadukan Terhadap Yield Biodiesel Dari Minyak Jelantah. Journal Of Polymer Chemical Engineering And Technology, 2(1), 29–36. https://jurnal.stmi.ac.id/index.php/jpcet/article/view/315
Ramadani, R., Azhari, A., Mulyawan, R., Za, N., & Hakim, L. (2023). Pembuatan Biodiesel Dari Minyak Biji Kepayang (Pangium edule Reinw) Menggunakan Katalis Basa Heterogen Dari Limbah Cangkang Kerang Darah. Journal Of Biodiesel Research And Innovation (Journal Of BRAIN), 1(1), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.29103/jbrain.v1i1.13378
Sidabutar, E. D. C., Sujana, I. M. I. W. C., Oktavia, F. D., Putri, N. A., & Sari, M. P. (2025). Pengaruh Parameter Operasi Pada Proses (Effect Of Operating Parameters On The Transesterification Process Of Waste Cooking Oil Using Bovine Bone Catalyst On Biodiesel Yield And Density). Indonesian Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 8(2), 101–108. https://doi.org/10.26418/indonesian.v8i2.96860
Sinaga, H., Silalahi, M. V., & Situmorang, M. V. (2023). Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran E-Booklet pada Materi Keanekaragaman Hayati terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas X SMA Negeri 4 Pematang Siantar. INNOVATIVE: Journal Of Social Science Research, 3(5), 7116–7130.
Suleman, N., Abas, & Paputungan, M. (2019). Esterifikasi Dan Transesterifikasi Stearin Sawit Untuk Pembuatan Biodiesel. Jurnal Teknik, 17(1), 66–77. https://doi.org/10.37031/jt.v17i1.54
Szkudlarek, Ł., Spiewak, K. C.-, Maniukiewicz, W., & Nowosielska, M. (2024). Biodiesel Production by Methanolysis of Rapeseed Oil — Influence of SiO 2 / Al 2 O 3 Ratio in BEA Zeolite Structure on Physicochemical and Catalytic Properties of Zeolite Systems with Alkaline Earth Oxides ( MgO , CaO , SrO ). International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(3570), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073570
Wulandari, Y., Irawan, M. H., Muttaqii, M. Al, Ma’sum, Z., Asri, N. P., Jia-Ming, & Chern, L. M. (2024). Performance of In-Situ Stirring Batch Reactor Transesterification of Nannochloropsis sp Microalgae into Biodiesel. International Journal of Technology, 15(4), 291–319. https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v15i4.6678
Zalfiatri, Y., Restuhadi, F., & Zulhardi, R. (2019). Karakteristik Biodiesel Dari Minyak Jelantah Menggunakan Katalis Abu Gosok Dengan Variasi Penambahan Metanol. Chempublish Journal, 4(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.22437/chp.v3i1.5774
